Vitamin and Nutritional Deficiencies

Vitamin and Nutritional Deficiencies-

-Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)-
-Thiamine deficiency is associated with 3 disorders:  Beriberi, Wernicke -Korsakoff Syndrome, and Leigh's Syndrome
-Beriberi clinical features can occur cardiomegaly, tachycardia, cyanosis, dyspnea, and vomiting
-Wernicke-Korasakoff Syndrome referes to two separate syndromes Wernicke's Encephalopathy(WE) and Korsakoff Syndrome (KS)
-WE causes nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia, and confusion
-KS is a chronic condition that causes
-Leigh Syndrome presents with subacute necrotizing encephalomyopathy, ataxia, dysarthria, movement disorders, areflexia, muscle atrophy and weakness

-Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)-
-Riboflavin deficiency presents with sore throat, hyperemia of pharyngeal mucus, edema of mucus membranes, cheilitis, stomatitis, glossitis, normocytic normochromic anemia, and seborrheic dermatitis

-Vitamin B3 (Niacin)-
-Presents as a disorder called Pellagra
-Pellagra tends to be in alcoholics and can be a complication of bariatric surgery
-Pellagra can present as a symmetric hyperpigmented rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, anxiety, disorientation, delusions, dementia, and encephalopathy

-Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)-
-Vitamin B5 deficiency burning, distal paresthesia, and GI distress
-Deficiency is actually rare

-Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)-
-Deficiencies of vitamin B6 can include stomatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, irritability, confusion and depression

-Biotin-
-symptoms of biotin deficiency include mental status changes, myalgia, dysesthesias, anorexia, and nausea

-Vitamin C-
-Vitamin C deficiency symptoms include weakness, joint swelling, malaise, arthralgias, edema, depression, neuropathy, and vasomotor instability

-Vitamin B12-
-Vitamin B 12 Deficiency can present because of pernicious anemia.  If there is a lack of intrinsic factor produced by the stomach, it cannot be absorbed into the ileum
-Presents with macrocytic anemia as dose folate deficiency

-Vitamin A-
-Vitamin A Deficiency can present as night blindness, xerosis of the conjunctiva and cornea.  Can also cause growth retardation, and prone to infection

-Vitamin D-
-Vitamin D deficiency presents as deficiency is associated with hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and rickets in children and osteomalacia

-Vitamin E-
-Vitamin E deficiency can be associated with progressive sensory and motor neuropathy, ataxia, retinal detachment, and hemolytic anemia

-Vitamin K-
-Deficiency of Vitamin K results in bleeding diathesis.  May be seen in GI or GU tract, gingiva, lungs, joints, or CNS

-Folate-
-Folic acid deficiency is characterized by hypersegmentation of neutrophils, megaloblastosis, and anemia.  It can also cause growth faltering

-Calcium-
-Calcium deficiency presents with tetany, Chvostek Sign, Trousseau sign and seizures

-Phosphate-
-can cause myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, bone pain, osteomalacia, or rickets

-Magnesium-
-Magnesium deficiency presents with muscle fasciculations, tremors, spasms, and seizures

-Iron-
-Iron deficiency presents with anemia that is microcytic and hypochromic
-Can present with lethargy, pallor, irritability, cardiomegaly, poor feeding, tachypnea, and impaired psychomotor development

-Zinc-
-zinc deficiency presents as poor appetite, diminished taste, hypogonadism, short stature, alopecia, dermatitis, growth failure, cognitive dysfunction, and increased  susceptibility to infection

-Copper-
-Copper deficiency is associated with sideroblastic anemia, neutropenia, failure to thrive, and skeletal abnormalities

-Selenium-
-Selenium deficiency can cause dilated cardiomyopathy with myocardial necrosis and fibrosis.  Condition is called Keshan disease

-Iodine-
-Iodine deficiency can lead to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid and can cause hypothyroidism